what event brought an influx of greek scholars to the west

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Cardinal Bessarion (1395–1472) of Trebizond, Pontus was a Greek scholar, statesman, and central and one of the leading figures in the rising of the intellectual Renaissance.^[4]

The migration waves of Byzantine Greek scholars and émigrés in the period following the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, is considered past many scholars central to the revival of Greek studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism and science. These émigrés brought to Western Europe the relatively well-preserved remnants and accumulated knowledge of their own (Greek) civilisation, which had mostly not survived the Early Center Ages in the Westward. The Encyclopædia Britannica claims: "Many modern scholars also hold that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a issue of this outcome marked the end of the Center Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance",^[5] although few scholars date the showtime of the Italian Renaissance this belatedly.

History [edit]

The chief role of Byzantine scholars within Renaissance humanism was the teaching of the Greek linguistic communication to their western counterparts in universities or privately together with the spread of aboriginal texts. Their forerunners were Barlaam of Calabria (Bernardo Massari) and Leonzio Pilato, two translators who were both built-in in Calabria in southern Italian republic and who were both educated in the Greek language. The impact of these ii scholars on the humanists was indisputable.^[vi]

By 1500 at that place was a Greek-speaking community of most five,000 in Venice. The Venetians likewise ruled Crete, Dalmatia, and scattered islands and port cities of the former empire, the populations of which were augmented by refugees from other Byzantine provinces who preferred Venetian to Ottoman governance. Crete was peculiarly notable for the Cretan School of icon-painting, which after 1453 became the nearly of import in the Greek globe.^[7]

After the peak of the Italian Renaissance in the first decades of the 16th century, the menstruation of information reversed, and Greek scholars in Italy were employed to oppose Turkish expansion into former Byzantine lands in Greece, prevent the Protestant Reformation spreading at that place and help bring the Eastern Churches back into communion with Rome. In 1577, Gregory Xiii founded the Collegio Pontifico Greco as a college in Rome to receive young Greeks belonging to any nation in which the Greek Rite was used, and consequently for Greek refugees in Italy likewise as the Ruthenians and Malchites of Egypt and Syria. The construction of the College and Church building of S. Atanasio, joined by a bridge over the Via dei Greci, was begun in that year.^[8]

Although ideas from ancient Rome already enjoyed popularity with the scholars of the 14th century and their importance to the Renaissance was undeniable, the lessons of Greek learning brought by Byzantine intellectuals changed the course of humanism and the Renaissance itself.^{[ commendation needed ]} While Greek learning affected all the subjects of the studia humanitatis, history and philosophy in particular were profoundly affected by the texts and ideas brought from Byzantium. History was changed by the re-discovery and spread of Greek historians' writings, and this knowledge of Greek historical treatises helped the subject of history become a guide to virtuous living based on the report of past events and people. The effects of this renewed cognition of Greek history can be seen in the writings of humanists on virtue, which was a popular topic. Specifically, these effects are shown in the examples provided from Greek antiquity that displayed virtue equally well as vice^{[ citation needed ]}.

The philosophy of not only Aristotle simply likewise Plato affected the Renaissance by causing debates over human's identify in the universe, the immortality of the soul, and the ability of man to improve himself through virtue. The flourishing of philosophical writings in the 15th century revealed the impact of Greek philosophy and science on the Renaissance. The resonance of these changes lasted through the centuries following the Renaissance not just in the writing of humanists, only also in the education and values of Europe and western club even to the present mean solar day.^[ix] ^[10] ^[11]

Deno Geanakopoulos in his work on the contribution of Byzantine Greek scholars to Renaissance has summarised their input into three major shifts to Renaissance thought:

in early 14th century Florence from the early, primal accent on rhetoric to one on metaphysical philosophy by means of introducing and reinterpretation of the Ideal texts,

in Venice-Padua by reducing the authority of Averroist Aristotle in science and philosophy past supplementing just not completely replacing information technology with Byzantine traditions which utilised aboriginal and Byzantine commentators on Aristotle,

and earlier in the mid 15th century in Rome, through accent not on any philosophical school merely through the production of more than authentic and reliable versions of Greek texts relevant to all fields of humanism and scientific discipline and with respect to the Greek fathers of the church. Hardly less important was their direct or indirect influence on exegesis of the New Testament itself through Cardinal Bessarion's inspiration of Lorenzo Valla's biblical emendations of the Latin vulgate in the light of the Greek text.^[12]

Scholars [edit]

Leo Allatius (c. 1586 – 1669), Rome, librarian of the library of Vatican
George Amiroutzes (1400–1470), Florence, Aristotelian
Henry Aristippus of Calabria (1105–ten – 1162)
Michael Apostolius (c. 1420 – afterward 1474 or 1486), Rome
Arsenius Apostolius (c. 1468 – 1538), Venice, bishop of Monemvasia
John Argyropoulos (c. 1415 – 1487), Universities of Florence, Rome
Simon Atumano (14th century), Bishop of Gerace in Calabria
Bessarion (1403–1472), Catholic cardinal
Barlaam of Seminara (c. 1290–1348), he taught Petrarch some rudiments of Greek language
Zacharias Calliergi (fl. 1499–1515), Rome
Laonicus Chalcocondyles (c. 1430 – c. 1470), historian, Athens
Demetrius Chalcondyles (1423–1511), Padua, Florence, Milan
Theofilos Chalcocondylis, Florence
Manuel Chrysoloras (c. 1355 – 1415), Florence, Pavia, Rome, Venice, Milan
John Chrysoloras, scholar and diplomat: relative of Manuel Chrysoloras, patron of Francesco Filelfo
Andronicus Contoblacas, Basel, instructor of Johann Reuchlin
Johannes Crastonis (d. after 1497), Modena, Greek-Latin dictionary
Andronicus Callistus (1400 – c. 1476), Rome, Bologna, Florence, Paris, cousin of Theodorus Gaza
Demetrius Cydones (1324–1398), Mesazon of the Byzantine Empire
Mathew Devaris (fl. 1552–1550), Rome
Demetrios Ducas (с. 1480 – c. 1527), Spain
Elia del Medigo (c. 1458 – c. 1493), Venice, Rome, Padua, Jewish philosopher
Antonios Eparchos (1491–1571), Venice, scholar and poet
Antonio de Ferraris (c. 1444 – 1517), bookish, doctor and humanist
Theodorus Gaza (c. 1398 – c. 1475), first dean of the University of Ferrara, Naples and Rome
George Gemistos Plethon (c. 1355/1360 – 1452/54), teacher of Bessarion
George of Trebizond (1395–1486), Venice, Florence, Rome
George Hermonymus (before 1435 – subsequently 1503), University of Paris, instructor of Erasmus, Reuchlin, Budaeus and Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
Georgios Kalafatis (ca. 1652 – ca. 1720), Greek professor of theoretical and practical medicine^[13]
Andreas Musalus (ca. 1665/half dozen – ca. 1721), Greek professor of mathematics, philosopher and architectural theorist^[14]
Nicholas Kalliakis (Nicolai Calliachius) (1645–1707), a Greek scholar and philosopher who flourished in Italia.^[15]
Mathaeos Kamariotis (d. 1490), Constantinople
Isidore of Kiev (1385–1463)
Ioannis Kigalas (ca. 1622 – 1687), Greek scholar and professor of Philosophy and Logic^[16]
Ioannis Kottounios (c. 1577 – 1658), Padua
Konstantinos Kallokratos (b. 1589), Calabria
Constantine Lascaris (1434–1501), University of Messina
Janus Lascaris or Rhyndacenus (c. 1445 – 1535), Rome
Leonard of Chios (c. 1395/96 – c. 1458), Greek-born Roman Cosmic prelate
Nikolaos Loukanis (16th century), Venice
Maximus the Greek (c. 1475 – 1556) studied in Italia before moving to Russia
Maximos Margunios (1549–1602), Venice
Marcus Musurus (c. 1470 – 1517), University of Padua
Michael Tarchaniota Marullus (с. 1458 – 1500), Ancona and Florence, friend and pupil of Jovianus Pontanus
Leonardos Philaras (1595–1673), an early abet for Greek independence^[17]
Maximus Planudes (c. 1260 – c. 1305), Rome, Venice, anthologist, mathematician, grammarian, theologian
Franciscus Portus (1511–1581), Venice, Ferrara, Geneva
John Servopoulos (fl. 1484–1500), scholar, professor, Oxford
Nikolaos Sophianos (c. 1500 – after 1551), Rome, Venice: scholar and geographer, creator of the Totius Graeciae Descriptio
Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus (1456–1531), Venice, Padua
Iakovos Trivolis (d. 1547), Venice
Gregory Tifernas (1414–1462), Paris, teacher of Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and Robert Gaguin
Gerasimos Vlachos (1607–1685), Venice
Francesco Maurolico (1494–1575), mathematician and astronomer from Sicily

Painting and music [edit]

El Greco (literally 'the Greek') the nickname for the Cretan painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos.

Marco Basaiti (c. 1470 – c. 1530), painter, Venice
Belisario Corenzio (c. 1558–1643), painter, Napoli
Michael Damaskenos (1530/35–1592/93), Venice, Cretan painter
Thomas Flanginis (1578–1648), Venice, funded the establishment of the Flanginian Greek school for teachers
El Greco (1541–1614), the nickname for the Cretan painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos, Italy, Espana
Francisco Leontaritis (1518 – c. 1572), Italia, Bavaria: singer and composer
Anna Notaras (d. 1507), Venice, first Greek press press
Angelos Pitzamanos (1467–1535), Cretan painter, Otranto, Southern Italy^[18]
Janus Plousiadenos (c. 1429 – c. 1500), Venice, hymnographer and composer
Theodore Poulakis (1622–1692), Venice, painter
Emmanuel Tzanes (1610–1690), Venice, Cretan painter
John Rhosos (d. 1498), Rome, Venice well-known scribe
Antonio Vassilacchi (1556–1629), painter from Milos worked in Venice with Paolo Veronese

References [edit]

^ Beckett, William à (1834). A universal biography: including scriptural, classical and mythological memoirs, together with accounts of many eminent living characters, Volume 1. Mayhew, Isaac and Co. p. 730. OCLC 15617538. CHALCONDYLES (DEMETRIUS), a learned modern Greek, and a native of Athens, came over into Italy about 1447, and subsequently a short abode at Rome
^ Bèze, Théodore de; Summers, Kirk Grand. (2001). A view from the Palatine: the Iuvenilia of Théodore de Bèze. Arizona Eye for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. p. 442. ISBN9780866982795. Demetrius Chalcondyles (1423-1511), a Greek refugee who taught Greek at Perugia, Padua, Florence, and Milan. Around 1493 he produced a Greek textbook for beginners.
^ Rabil, Albert (1991). Knowledge, goodness, and power: the debate over nobility amongst quattrocento Italian humanists. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. p. 197. ISBN978-0-86698-100-two. John Argyropoulos (ca. 1415-87) played a prominent role in the revival of Greek philosophy in Italy. He came to Italy permanently in 1457 and held
^ Bunson, Matthew (2004). OSV'due south encyclopedia of Catholic history. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 141. ISBN978-1-59276-026-8. BESSARION, JOHN (c. 1395-1472) + Greek scholar, cardinal, and statesman. One of the foremost figures in the rise of the intellectual Renaissance in the
^ "Fall of Constantinople". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ The Italian renaissance in its historical background, Denis Hay Cambridge University Press 1976
^ Maria Constantoudaki-Kitromilides in From Byzantium to El Greco,p.51-2, Athens 1987, Byzantine Museum of Arts
^ De Meester, "Le Collège Pontifical Grec de Rome", Rome, 1910
^ Constantinople and the West by Deno John Geanakopulos- Italian Renaissance and idea and the role of Byzantine emigres scholars in Florence, Rome and Venice: A reassessment University of Wisconsin Press, 1989
^ From Byzantium to Italia: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance. by North. G. Wilson The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 25, No. iii (Autumn, 1994), pp. 743-744
^ 8 philosophers of the Italian Renaissance, Paul Oskar Kristeller, Stanford University Press,1964
^ Constantinople and the West by Deno John Geanakopulos- Italian Renaissance and thought and the role of Byzantine emigres scholars in Florence, Rome and Venice: A reassessment University of Wisconsin Press, 1989
^ Boehm, Eric H. (1995). Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 46, Bug 3-four. American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio. p. 755. OCLC 701679973. Between the 15th and 19th centuries the University of Padua attracted a great number of Greek students who wanted to study medicine. They came not only from Venetian dominions (where the percentage reaches 97% of the students of Italian universities) but also from Turkish-occupied territories of Greece. Several professors of the School of Medicine and Philosophy were Greeks, including Giovanni Cottunio, Niccolo Calliachi, Giorgio Calafatti...
^ Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19-23 maggio 1975. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1977. p. 429. OCLC 4666566. Nicolò Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idée nella storia dell'arte.
^ Feller, François-Xavier de (1782). Dictionnaire historique, Volume ii. Mathieu Rieger fils. p. 18. OCLC 310948713. CALLIACHI, (Nicolas) grec de Candie, y naquit en 1645. Il profefla les belles
^ Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie (1956). Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40. Akademie-Verlag. pp. 209–210. John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated equally Doctor of Philosophy and Theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for viii years (1642–1650). From Rome he moved to Venice, where he practised law for a curt time, therefore he may have besides studied law. – In 1666 he was appointed Professor of Philosophy and Logic at the University of Padova. In 1678 he was appointed Professor to the second chair of Philosophy of the same University and in 1687 (214) to the first. From some time before 1678 he had also been censor of the books published past the S. Ufficio, Venice, which presupposed his Catholic loyalty, really praised by D' Alviani. His Greek and theological wisdom, his modesty, piety and other humane virtues are praised by Petin, Nicholas Bouboulios and D' Alviani. In 1685 he appears every bit bestman at the marriage of Antonia girl of Const. Tzane the Cretan painter to Mario Botza. Some of his epigrams accept survived published in books of other scholars. Considering of his duties as censor he seems to have lived in Venice from time to fourth dimension. He died on the five/11/1687.
^ Merry, Bruce (2004). Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 442. ISBN978-0-313-30813-0. Leonardos Filaras (1595–1673) devoted much of his career to coaxing Western European intellectuals to support Greek liberation. Two letters from Milton (1608–1674) attest Filaras's ptriiotic crusade.
^ Nano Chatzidakis: The character of the Velimezis Collection

Sources [edit]

Deno J. Geanakoplos, Byzantine East and Latin West: Two worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and renaissance. The Academy Library Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1966.
Deno J. Geanakoplos, (1958) A Byzantine looks at the renaissance, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies one (2);pp:157-62.
Jonathan Harris, Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400-1520, Camberley: Porphyrogenitus, 1995.
Louise Ropes Loomis (1908) The Greek Renaissance in Italy The American Historical Review, xiii(2);pp:246-258.
John Monfasani Byzantine Scholars in Renaissance Italy: Central Bessarion and Other Émigrés: Selected Essays, Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum, 1995.
Steven Runciman, The autumn of Constantinople, 1453. Cambridge University press, Cambridge 1965.
Fotis Vassileiou & Barbara Saribalidou, Brusque Biographical Lexicon of Byzantine Academics Immigrants to Western Europe, 2007.
Dimitri Tselos (1956) A Greco-Italian School of Illuminators and Fresco Painters: Its Relation to the Principal Reims
Nigel G. Wilson. From Byzantium to Italia: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

External links [edit]

Greece: Books and Writers.
Michael D. Reeve, "On the office of Greek in Renaissance scholarship.'
Jonathan Harris, 'Byzantines in Renaissance Italy'. Archived 2018-08-31 at the Wayback Machine
Bilingual (Greek original / English) excerpts from Gennadios Scholarios' Epistle to Orators.
Paul Botley, Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Agenda.
Richard C. Jebb 'Christian Renaissance'.
Karl Krumbacher: 'The History of Byzantine Literature: from Justinian to the end of the Eastern Roman Empire (527-1453)'.
San Giorgio dei Greci and the Greek customs of Venice
Istituto Ellenico di Studi Byzantini and Postbyzantini di Venezia

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance

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